To Homepage Suomen Akatemia

Legitimacy of Environmental Governance (LEG)

Research Project

Research project of the University of Joensuu and University of Lapland funded by the Academy of Finland (total of 404.730 €) between 1.1.2005-30.6.2009.

Members of the Project

Project leaders:
Professor Pertti Rannikko ja Professor Juha Karhu

Researchers:
Tapio Määttä, University of Joensuu, Department of Law
Jakob Donner-Amnell, University of Joensuu
Tuomas Kuokkanen, University of Joensuu, Department of Law
Tero Laakso, University of Joensuu, Department of Law
Mikko Marttila, University of Lapland
Arto Naskali, Forest Research Institute
Kaisa Raitio, University of Joensuu, Department of Social Politics
Leila Suvantola, University of Joensuu, Department of Law

Purpose of the Project

The general objectives of the research project are to:

1. use international comparative and multidisciplinary research to produce information on how the renewal and diversification of the environmental policy instruments influence the legitimacy of the use and conservation of natural resources in general and in the forest sector in particular;
2. develop multidiciplinary and comparative research in social scientific environmental research environmental economics, environmental law and environmental policy) and increase the interest of comparative researchers in collaboration and methodological discourse; and
3. increase the ability of the social sciences to identify the consequences of increased legalisation in environmental issues, and the ability of the jurisprudence to understand the wider implications of the changes of legal norms in the society.

The analysis of environmental policy instruments is connected to the larger social context through the concept of legitimacy. This wide-ranging and multidisciplinary concept connects the points of view of research in environmental politics, jurisprudence, sociology and economics. The hypothesis is that the use and conservation of natural resources and their regulation are currently facing a legitimacy crisis which has led to the adoption of new policy instruments such as the economic instruments, self-regulation of the industry and public participation examined in this project. The project evaluates (1) how the new instruments have succeeded to solve the problem of legitimacy; (2) what new challenges of legitimacy have emerged following their adoption; and (3) does the legitimacy of the new voluntary policy instruments require additional regulation to govern the relationships of the parties? As the new policy instruments do not replace the old instruments, but complement them, it is rational to examine the synergy and implications of the diversification of the policy instruments.

The project consists of the following four sub-projects:

Legitimacy as a Theoretical Question is a multidiciplinary research on the concept of legitimacy combining the points of view of legal theory, theoretic environmental law and environmental policy research. The general objective of the sub-project is to construct a basis for a discourse on the theory and methodology of multidiciplinary social environmental research. (Juha Karhu, Tapio Määttä and Pertti Rannikko)

Regulation of Public Participation and the Legitimacy of Forestry Planning looks at the role of legal regulation of public participation in forest conflict management in Finland, Sweden and the U.S. The purpose is to seek the justification for the lack of legal regulation of public participation in forestry planning in Finland and examine the impacts of the so-called new regulatory tools on public participation in natural resource planning and nature conservation. There will also be a comparative study of the state forestry planning regulation in Sweden and the U.S. (Tero Laakso and Kaisa Raitio)

Internationalisation, Effectiveness and Legitimacy of the Use and Regulation of Natural Resources seeks to answer questions relating to the tension between use and conservation of natural resources present in international law and legitimacy of the rules developed by international law for regulation of that tension. The tension is examined from the viewpoint of legislative power and sovereignty of states and the recent developments towards globalisation. Also the role of international law and international market-based regulation in the regulation of the internationalisation process and the activity on the national level is examined. (Jakob Donner-Amnell and Tuomas Kuokkanen)

Private Sector Initiatives and Economic Instruments in the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity examines legal cultural issues (including duty of care of biodiversity) relating to the cost sharing of biodiversity, the volume and form of private sector nature conservation in Finland, the kinds of incentives necessary to promote conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources, the legal impediments for market creation in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services and potential legal solutions to them, and the general role of regulation in new environmental policy instruments such as market creation. (Mikko Marttila, Arto Naskali and Leila Suvantola)

Results of the Project

Theses Accomplished
Leila Suvantola, Doctor of Administrative Sciences, 2006, Doctoral Dissertation "Huominen ei koskaan kuole - Luonnonsuojelun ja ympäristönkäytön kilpailutilanteiden ratkaisemisesta". Edita. Helsinki 2006.

Kaisa Raitio, PhD, 2008, Doctoral Dissertation " "You Can't Please Everyone" - Conflict Management Practices, Frames and Institutions in Finnish State Forests, "Kaikkia ei voi miellyttää" - ristiriitojen hallinan käytännöt, kehykset ja instituutiot Suomen valtionmetsissä. Joensuun yliopisto, yhteiskunta- ja aluetieteiden tiedekunta, Yhteiskuntatieteellisiä julkaisuja 86, Joensuu 2008

Events

16.- 17.3.2006 Joensuu: Legitimiteetti-workshop: theoretical concepts, change of policy instruments, legitimacy (in Finnish)

3.-5.10.2007 LEG work seminar in Pohtimolampi, Rovaniemi

Participation in Other Events

Opening seminar of the Environment and Law Research Programme, 3.-4.3.2005 Joensuu, Jacob Donner-Amnell, Tapio Määttä, Arto Naskali, Kaisa Raitio, Pertti Rannikko and Leila Suvantola.
Nordic Environmental Law Network Workshop " New Instruments for the Protection of Biodiversity and Biosafety", 22.4.2005, Helsinki: Tapio Määttä, Leila Suvantola (presentation: "Environmental Offset Arrangements")
Kompensaatio infrahankkeissa -seminaari (Seminar on Compensation in Infrastructure Development), 7.6.2005 Helsinki (Ministry of Transport and Communication and Ministry of the Environment): Tapio Määttä (chair), Leila Suvantola (presentation: Luonnonsuojeluarvoille aiheutettavien haittojen kompensointi - Compensation of Nature Conservation Values)
The 11th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management "From Knowledge to Management", 16.-19.6.2005 Östersund, Leila Suvantola (presentation "The Changed Roles of Nature Conservation and Resource Management in Finland"), Kaisa Raitio (poster "Trust, Frames, and Institutional Framework: Conflict management between reindeer herding and forestry in Finland").
XXII Iufro World Congress: Forests in Balance: Linking Tradition and Technology, 8-13.8.2005, Brisbane, Australia. Naskali, Arto (presentation "Transaction process, rights changes and sustainable forest management).
Fragmentteja oikeuslähdeopista ja oikeudellisesta argumentaatiosta, oikeustieteellisen valtakunnallisen tutkijakoulu OMY II:n syysseminaari Joensuussa 1.9.2005, Tapio Määttä presentation "Soft law ympäristöoikeuden oikeuslähteenä", Leila Suvantola
YHYS Conference "Issues in Green Democracy" 24.-25.11.2005, Turku: Jakob Donner-Amnell (chair in workshop "Global environmental governance - legitimacy in process and outcome?" and presentation "Global Companies as Vanguards for New Forms of Governance?"), Tapio Määttä (chair in workshop Principles of environmental law and conception of justice), Kaisa Raitio, Leila Suvantola (presentation "Some More or Less Legal Arguments on Biodiversity and Markets"), Arto Naskali (chair in workshop "Biodiversity, Markets, and Democracy", presentation "Markets for Biodiversity; but what's the role of the state?")
Förvaltning av omstridda naturresursser. Nordiska trender och nya utmaningar. Seminar 15.-16.3.2006, Umeå. Kaisa Raitio (presentation and paper) "Environmental conflicts and their management: the conflict between reindeer herding and timber production in Inari, Finland"
Conference on management of conflicts between wildlife and human resource use, 25.-27.1.2006 Leipzig. Leila Suvantola (presentation "The Golden Eagle Compensation System as an Example of Incentive Measures as a Conflict Management Tool")
Nordic law and Legal Thinking in Comparative Perspectives seminar, 2.-3.3.2006, Vaasa. Leila Suvantola
Legitimacy -workshop (in Finnish). 16.-17.3.2006 Ilomantsi, Mekrijärvi. Pertti Rannikko (presentation "Luonnonvarojen käytön hallinta, ohjauskeinot ja legitimiteetti – käsiteavaruuden hahmottelua"), Juha Karhu (presentation "yhteiskunnan oikeus ja ympäristöoikeuden oikeutus"), Tapio Määttä (presentation "Joustavat normit, legitimiteetti ja vallanjako"), Jakob Donner-Amnell ja Tuomas Kuokkanen (presentation "Luonnonvarojen käytön ja sääntelyn kansainvälistyminen, tehokkuus ja legitimiteetti"), Mikko Marttila, Arto Naskali and Leila Suvantola (presentation "Yksityissektorin toiminta ja taloudelliset kannustimiet luonnon monimuotoisuuden kestävässä käytössä ja suojelussa")
Ympäristöoikeuden ajankohtaispäivä: EU-ympäristöoikeus, 24.3.2006, Joensuu. Tapio Määttä, Leila Suvantola (presentation "Eurooppaoikeuden tulkinnan ja soveltamisen uusimmat haasteet")
The 12^th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management. June 3-8, 2006 Vancouver, BC, Canada. Kaisa Raitio (poster "Forest conflict management in Finland. The impact of national regulation on local planning processes").
Vaartoe – Sami research in the future. 21-23.8.2006. Jokkmokk, Sweden. Kaisa Raitio (presentation "Environmental conflicts and their management: the conflict between reindeer herding and timber production in Inari, Finland").
"Kova laki" V oikeustieteen tutkija- ja jatkokoulutuspäivät, 4.-5.9.2006, Helsinki. Tapio Määttä Ympäristö ja oikeus -työryhmän toinen pj., Leila Suvantola (presentation"Ympäristövastuudirektiivin luontovahingoista")
Monitieteisen ympäristötutkimuksen metodit 12.-13.10.2006. Tapio Määttä, Jakob Donner-Amnell,
Tero Laakso (presentation "Oikeuden ja ekologian rajaseudulla"), Arto Naskali (presentations "Pluralismi oikeustaloustieteessä " and "Monitieteisyyden haaste ympäristötutkimuksessa"), Kaisa Raitio (presentation"Tieteiden välinen kommunikaatio oikeus- ja yhteiskuntatieteiden välillä"), Leila Suvantola (presentation"Oikeuden, talouden ja ekologian rajapinnalla")
Fjällen i focus. En konferens om fjällens möjligheter och begränsningar. November 20-22, 2006. Vilhelmina, Sverige. Kaisa Raitio (presentation "Konflikthantering mellan skogsbruk och renskötseln i Enare, Finland).
Nordic Environmental Law Network workshop "The role of courts in environmental law" 18.-19.12.2006, Kööpenhamina, Tanska. Leila Suvantola (presentation "Environmental Justice in Finland - Case Analysis")
Tieteen päivät 10.-14.1.2007, Helsinki. 11.1.2007, työryhmä Ympäristö ja oikeus - Konfliktien ratkaisija vai konfliktien lähde. Tapio Määttä (chair), Leila Suvantola (presentation"Natura 2000 -konflikti ja oikeus: Luonnonsuojelun modernisaatio konfliktin osatekijänä")
METSO-seminaari 7.3.2007 Tikkurila. Leila Suvantola.
Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Conservation of Biodiversity in the Actic - Legal Challenges. Longyearbyen, Svalbard 26.-30.3.2007. Leila Suvantola (presentation: Market-Based Instruments in the Conservation of Biodiversity).

Policy Instruments and Effectiveness: An Environment and Law Conference, 11.-12.6.2007 Helsinki. Tapio Määttä, Leila Suvantola (chair of one session), Kaisa Raitio (presentation "Institutions and frames in collaborative conflict management - the conflict between reindeer herding and timber production in Inari, Finland")

Ympäristö, yhteiskunta, oikeus - Yhteiskunta- ja oikeustieteellisen ympäristötutkimuksen nykytila ja tulevaisuus tutkimuksen loppukäyttäjien ja sidosryhmien näkökulmasta, 13.6.2007, Helsinki. Tapio Määttä, Leila Suvantola, Kaisa Raitio

Comparative Environmental Law and Policy – Case Studies and Methodological Perspectives, Nordic Environmental Law Network, 15.-17.8.2007 Helsinki. Tapio Määttä (chair), Leila Suvantola (presentation together with Helle Tegner Anker, Annika Nilsson and Ole Kristian Fauchald: "The Role of Courts in Environmental Law - A Comparative Study")

Oikeustieteen päivät, 30.-31.8.2007, Tampere. Tapio Määttä (presentation: Eliminointi- ja yhteensovittamisstrategiat linkkisäännösten tulkintamalleina), Leila Suvantola

Ympäristöoikeustieteen päivät, 13.9.2007, Helsinki. Tapio Määttä, Leila Suvantola (presentation: Luontovahingot ja niiden korjaaminen)

Ympäristöoikeus yhteiskuntatieteenä, 12.-13.11.2007 Helsinki. Jakob Donner-Amnell (presentation "Tulevaisuudella on monta suuntaa – miten ne voivat näkyä säätelyssä"), Tuomas Kuokkanen (presentation "Geenivarojen hallinta"), Pertti Rannikko (presentation "Paikallisten olosuhteiden huomioon ottaminen yleisenä oppina"), Arto Naskali, Juha Hiedanpää and Leila Suvantola (presentation "Ekosysteemipalveluiden tuotteistaminen"),

Integrated Product Policy and the Polluter Pays Principle - Environmental Responsibility, liability and sustainability of products. Nordic Environmental Law Network 3-4.12.2007. Leila Suvantola

Impact assessment and forest resource management 24.4.2008, Leila Suvantola (presentation "Forest management and assessment of impacts on nature conservation values"), Jakob Donner-Amnell (presentation: Charting the future of multiple-use forestry)

Ekotehokkaat julkiset hankinnat, 21.5.2008, Espoo. Leila Suvantola.

Making sence of ecosystem services. 25.-28.8.2008, Koli. Arto Naskali, Leila Suvantola.
Annual seminar of the Environment and Law Research Programme 30.-31.10.2008, Helsinki. Jakob Donner-Amnell, Tapio Määttä, Arto Naskali, Leila Suvantola.
RKTL (Game and Fishing Research Institute) Tutkimuspäivät (Annual research conference) 18.-19.11.2008 Jyväskylä. Leila Suvantola (presentation: "Uudet taloudelliset ohjauskeinot")
YHYS CONFERENCE 2008: Challenges of European environmental policy: from environmental integration to global responsibility and better regulation. Joensuu, Finland, 20-21 November 2008. Leila Suvantola (presentation “Regulation of Ecosystem Services: Better Regulation?” and co-chair of the workshop “Better regulation: from theory to practice and transnational governance of material recycling”)
Arvoketjut -seminaari (Value chains seminar),Ketju, SusEn, WORK, Liike2 programmes of the Academy of Finland, Tikkurila 11.3.2009, Leila Suvantola (presentation: Ekosysteemipalvelut - Monimuotoisuuden ja luonnonvarat yhdistävät arvot)

Television and radio programmes

TV1 A-studio 10.3.2006, Jakob Donner-Amnell (interview: Situation of the forest industry and effects of layouts to the acceptability of the sector)
A-talk TV1 1.11.2007: Discussion of the status of forest sector: Minister Mauri Pekkarinen, president Anne Brunila, chair Jouko Ahonen and researcher Jakob Donner-Amnell.
MOT 5.11.2007: Sellu vie etelään. Interview of Jakob Donner-Amnell on the position and acceptability of forestry in Finland
Radio Ykkösaamu 26.4.2006 klo 8.15, Jakob Donner-Amnell (discussion on acceptability of the forest industry and future with Päivi Luoman, Metsäteollisuus ry)
Radio news 26.10.2007: Interview of Jakob Donner-Amnell on the planned reduction of production by Stora Enso
Lapin Radio 26.10.2007. Interview of Jakob Donner-Amnell on the situation of the Kemijärvi plant and the owner policy of the Finnish State
Radio Vega 10.9.2008: Interview of Jakob Donner-Amnell on the closing of Kajaani paper mill
Radio Perämeri 21.8.2008: Interview of Jakob Donner-Amnell on the situation of different localities with forest industry
Kaakkois-Suomen radio 5.9.2008: Interview of Jakob Donner-Amnell on Russia as the potential buyer of Finnish forest industry
Radio Vega 3.10.2008: Interview of Jakob Donner-Amnell on the sale of Kirkniemi paper mill
Maailmanpolitiikan arkipäivää, Radio Suomi 21.12.2008: Interview of Jakob Donner-Amnell on the status and future of forestry sector

Publications

Academic theses

Suvantola, Leila (2006). Doctor of Administrative Sciences, University of Joensuu, Faculty of Law, Economics and Business Administration, 15.12.2006 "Huominen ei koskaan kuole - Luonnonsuojelun ja ympäristönkäytön kilpailutilanteiden ratkaisemisesta"
Raitio, Kaisa (2008). PhD, University of Joensuu, Social Sciences, 8.3.2008. "You Can't Please Everyone" - Conflict Management Practices, Frames and Institutions in Finnish State Forests.

Refereed Scientific Articles (with reference to the project)

Suvantola, Leila (2005). Älä kieltäydy kahdesti – Luonnonsuojelulain 53.1 §:n mukaisista korvauksista. Ympäristöjuridiikka 2/2005, 49–75.
Suvantola, Leila (2005). Kun maailma ei riitä – Luonnon monimuotoisuudelle aiheutettavien haittojen kompensointi. Ympäristöjuridiikka 3-4/2005, 30–80.
Laakso, Tero (2006). Oikeuden ja ekologian yhteyksiä. Oikeus 2006:4, 611–622.
Raitio, Kaisa & Pertti Rannikko (2006). Metsien käyttö ja sosiaalinen kestävyys: Metsähallituksen roolin muuttuminen Lieksassa. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 2/2006, 271–292.
Suvantola, Leila (2006). Kuoleman katse – ympäristönkäytön luontovaikutusten selvittämisvelvollisuus. Lakimies 4/2006, 560–585.
Suvantola, Leila (2006). Ympäristövastuudirektiivin luontovahingon käsitteen tulkinnallisuus. Oikeus 2006:4, 574–594.
Suvantola, Leila (2007). Luontovahinkojen korjausvastuun uudistus. Ympäristöjuridiikka 2/2007, 13–41.
Suvantola, Leila (2008). Biobanking-järjestelmä (NSW, Australia) esimerkkinä markkinoihin perustuvasta maankäytön ohjauksesta. Ympäristöoikeuden ja -politiikan vuosikirja 2008. Joensuun yliopisto, 149–204.